Key terms

• Contraception: methods or devices to prevent pregnancy

• Total fertility rate (TFR): average number of children per couple

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Family planning programmes

1960's-

• Improvements in mortality

• Concerns about population growth (Malthusian catastrophe)

• Economic case

• Surveys showing demand

• Development of modern methods

• Use of incentives/penalities/targets

International Conference of Population and Development (ICPD), Cairo, 1994

• Family planning programmes attacked for ignoring broader needs of women for using targets, high-pressure tactics

• FP for population control replaced by wide agenda of women's health, empowerment and rights

  • Rights-based family planning: agency and autonomy (capable of acting by themselves), availability, accessibility, acceptability, quality, empowerment, equity and non-discrimination, informed choice, transparency and accountability, voice and participation

• New emphasis on needs of single women and men's responsibilities

• Consequences:

  • FP funding falls

  • Worries about rapid population growth disappears from the international debate

  • HIV/AIDS eclipses FP as an international concern

Development of contraceptive methods

• Oral contraceptives: 1960

• Intrauterine device (IUD)

• No-scalpel vasectomy

• Implants (1990)

• Injectable contraceptives

• Female condom

• Emergency contraceptive

• IUS (hormonal) (2000)

• Vaginal rings

• Patches

• Female sterilisation, non--surgical device

• Vaginal rings